Email confirmation missing variant image

We have a custom moodring 2.0 theme and when a customer placed and order and receives their order confirmation email the image is blank. It has the indicator in the photo as if the image is too large, but I’ve tried several times to resize the image or upload a different image type and no luck.

I’ve manually adjusted the code based on what I’ve seen others do here, but unsuccessful on my theme. Can anyone help us correct this error? Thanks!