In order to change the 3D viewer background colour, youāll first need to find your āmodel_viewer_tagā in your theme. (Probably in your product-template.liquid).
It will be a line that looks like this:
{{ media | model_viewer_tag }}
And you will need to replace it by this:
{{ media | model_viewer_tag: background-color: "transparent" }}
I am using the new Dawn theme, so I could not find the product-template.liquid tag. However, the second solution worked for when the model is being moved, whereas the preview image is still white.
Since I am on the Dawn theme, it only has base.css. I have tried your poster image transparency code, but it does not change anything. I also could not find the model_viewer_tag anywhere in the code.