Thank you for taking the time to check it for me, Roy! Much appreciated.
Weirdly, after cleaning up and lining up my code better throughout the template it seems to be fixed now…! 
I think the main issue may be the migration from legacy, period. It could just be a bit glitchy, since my old invoice template was pretty heavily customized to begin with, and maybe it had trouble migrating the changes. But rather than remove this post I’ll leave it here and mark it solved, as others might find the code for crossed-out variants useful. Because again, it’s working just fine now so I guess my code for this section was actually good the whole time!