I think what you’re looking for is now available in the Winter '25 Edition:
Topic summary
Merchants report difficulty with Shopify’s new product category metafields: the predefined options tied to Shopify’s taxonomy are too limited or ill‑suited (e.g., “Fabric” for Sunglasses), and there was no way to add or edit category‑specific fields.
Use case: Large, multi‑category catalogs need category‑specific fields to show only relevant inputs during product entry. Relying on standard product metafields leads to long lists, staff errors, and missing values that break filtering/search. Several note Magento’s attribute sets handled this better.
Interim guidance: Fill the existing taxonomy metafields and continue using standard metafields; potential SEO benefits may come from alignment with Google’s taxonomy. One participant asked how to set values via the GraphQL API; no answer was provided.
Most recent update: As of the Winter ’25 Edition, Shopify now supports adding category metafields, with documentation linked on how to create them.
Status: Previously a limitation; now partially resolved by a new feature release. Confirmation of API methods (e.g., GraphQL) and practical implementation details remain unconfirmed within the thread.